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Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Sampling Soils in a Heterogeneous Research Plot
Published on: January 7, 2019
Common Sampling Errors in Research Studies
1Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA aspolarich@atsu.edu.
Abstract:
Proper sample selection is based on the study purpose, research question(s), and study design. Investigators must use care to select a sample population that is representative of the source and target populations. Well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria serve as guidance when screening potential candidates for eligibility for participation in a study. Sampling and non-sampling errors may influence study outcomes and generalizability of results. The purpose of this short report is to review common sampling errors made when designing a study and when reporting study outcomes.
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