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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

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Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
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Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test01:23

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

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The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
Generally, a primary amine reacts with the Hinsberg reagent to produce an N-substituted benzenesulfonamide. The electron-withdrawing...
3.5K
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

6.0K
Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
6.0K
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

2.5K
Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
2.5K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

6.0K
The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
6.0K
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

2.9K
The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
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Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
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Exploring the Potential of New Benzamide-Acetamide Pharmacophore Containing Sulfonamide as Urease Inhibitors:

Saghir Ahmad1,2, Muhammad Abdul Qadir1, Mahmood Ahmed3

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.

ACS Omega
|December 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New drug conjugates combining NSAIDs like diclofenac and mefenamic acid with sulfa drugs show potent urease inhibition. These novel compounds offer a promising avenue for developing new urease-inhibiting pharmacological agents.

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Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Drug Discovery
  • Enzyme Inhibition

Background:

  • Drug conjugates represent a dynamic field for enhancing drug effectiveness and safety.
  • Urease enzyme is a target for various therapeutic applications.
  • NSAIDs and sulfa drugs are established therapeutic agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and evaluate novel drug conjugates of diclofenac and mefenamic acid with sulfa drugs for urease inhibition.
  • To characterize the synthesized conjugates using spectroscopic and analytical methods.
  • To investigate the inhibition mechanism and binding interactions with the urease enzyme.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of diclofenac and mefenamic acid conjugates with various sulfa drugs.
  • Structural confirmation via elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
  • In vitro urease inhibition assays, IC50 determination, and mechanism of inhibition studies.
  • Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to predict binding interactions.

Main Results:

  • Several conjugates, including diclofenac-sulfanilamide and mefenamic acid-sulfanilamide, exhibited potent competitive urease inhibition with low IC50 values.
  • Other conjugates displayed mixed-mode inhibition.
  • Molecular docking and MD simulations confirmed stable binding of inhibitors to the urease active site, suggesting potential therapeutic applications.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized drug conjugates demonstrate significant potential as novel urease inhibitors.
  • These conjugates could lead to new pharmacological agents for diseases involving urease.
  • The study highlights the successful application of drug conjugation strategies in medicinal chemistry for enzyme inhibition.