OCA-B promotes pathogenic maturation of stem-like CD4 ⁺ T cells and autoimmune demyelination

Stem-like T cells selectively contribute to autoimmunity, but the activities that promote their pathogenicity are incompletely understood. Here, we identify the transcription coregulator OCA-B as a driver of the pathogenic maturation of stem-like CD4 ⁺ T cell to promote autoimmune demyelination. Using two human multiple sclerosis (MS) datasets, we show that POU2AF1 , the gene encoding OCA-B, is elevated in CD4 ⁺ T cells from MS patients. We show that T cell-intrinsic OCA-B loss protects mice from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) while preserving responses to viral CNS infection. In EAE models driven by antigen reencounter, OCA-B deletion nearly eliminates CNS infiltration, proinflammatory cytokine production and clinical disease. OCA-B-expressing CD4 ⁺ T cells of mice primed with autoantigen express an encephalitogenic gene program and preferentially confer disease. In a relapsing-remitting EAE model, OCA-B loss protects mice specifically at relapse. During remission, OCA-B promotes the expression of Tcf7 , Slamf6 , and Sell in proliferating CNS T cell populations. At relapse timepoints, OCA-B loss results in both the accumulation of an immunomodulatory CD4 ⁺ T cell population expressing Ccr9 and Bach2 , and loss of pro-inflammatory gene expression from Th17 cells. These results identify OCA-B as a driver of pathogenic CD4 ⁺ T cells.