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Related Concept Videos

Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

221
Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
221
Pozzolans01:21

Pozzolans

115
Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is...
115
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

241
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
241
Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

138
Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
138
The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

245
The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
245

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Production and Analysis of Sporosarcina pasteurii Biocement Bricks Using Custom 3D-Printed Molds for Unconfined Compression Tests
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Projecting future carbon emissions from cement production in developing countries.

Danyang Cheng1, David M Reiner2, Fan Yang3

  • 1Department of Earth System Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.

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Cement production in developing nations significantly impacts global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Implementing low-carbon strategies can drastically cut future emissions, aiding climate targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Climate Change Mitigation
  • Industrial Ecology

Background:

  • The cement industry is a major contributor to global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, crucial for developing countries' infrastructure growth.
  • Accurate accounting and projection of cement emissions in developing nations are lacking, hindering effective climate policy.
  • A regional shift in major CO2 emission contributors from cement production is evident.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify cement production emissions globally using a bottom-up approach.
  • To project future cement emissions (2020-2050) in developing countries (excluding China) under various scenarios.
  • To explore effective low-carbon mitigation options for the cement sector in these regions.

Main Methods:

  • Bottom-up quantification of global cement production emissions.
  • Scenario analysis of housing, infrastructure development, and emissions mitigation options.
  • Projection of cement CO2 emissions from 2020 to 2050 for developing countries (excluding China).

Main Results:

  • Cement emissions in developing countries (excluding China) are projected to reach 1.4-3.8 Gt by 2050, up from 0.7 Gt annually in 2018.
  • Optimal low-carbon measures can reduce annual emissions by approximately 65% and cumulative emissions by 48% by 2050.
  • Effective technological pathways for a low-carbon cement industry differ based on country-specific factors and infrastructure development.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding future cement emissions patterns in developing countries is vital for global climate target achievement.
  • Tailored policy interventions in the cement sector are necessary to meet climate goals.
  • The study provides essential data for informing climate policies and promoting sustainable development in the cement industry.