Fabrication, Evaluation, and Multiscale Simulation of Piezoelectric Composites Reinforced Using Unidirectional Carbon...

Piezoelectric composite materials can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, thus promoting battery-free motion-sensing systems. However, their substandard mechanical performance limits the capability of sensors developed using flexible piezoelectric materials. This study introduces a novel design strategy for preparing high-strength flexible piezoelectric composite materials comprising unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced potassium sodium niobate (K_0.5Na_0.5NbO₃) nanoparticle-filled epoxy resin (UDCF/KNN-EP). The fibers significantly improve the Young's modulus of UDCF/KNN-EP along the fiber direction, which reaches 282.5 MPa. Moreover, the composite exhibits excellent stretchability and piezoelectric response ( $$ ) in the cross-fiber direction under cyclic tensile loading. Multiscale finite element analysis is performed via simulation, which allows theoretical examination of the experimental results and the material's mechanical response mechanism. Finally, UDCF/KNN-EP is seamlessly incorporated into athletic gear and used to measure the impact caused by baseball catching and track footfall patterns. This study harnesses the superior strength of carbon fibers to enhance the durability and dependability of self-powered sensors without compromising flexibility in specific directions.