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Realized Genetic Gain in Rice: Achievements from Breeding Programs.

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Summary

Plant breeding significantly boosts rice productivity, but quantifying genetic gain is key to improving strategies. This study reviews genetic gain in rice breeding, highlighting variations and suggesting methods for optimization to meet global food security needs.

Keywords:
Breeder’s equationBreeding programGenetic gainResponse to selectionRice

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Genetics
  • Plant Breeding

Background:

  • Global food security relies on genetic improvement of crops like rice.
  • Plant breeding has historically increased crop productivity, but measuring its efficiency is crucial.
  • Quantitative traits are essential for assessing genetic gain in breeding programs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a theoretical understanding of genetic gain in plant breeding.
  • To summarize key findings from genetic gain studies in rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding.
  • To propose improvements for breeding strategies and future genetic gain research.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual explanation of genetic gain and its estimation.
  • Extensive literature review of 29 rice genetic gain studies (1999-2023).
  • Analysis of studies covering diverse regions, traits, timeframes, and methodologies.

Main Results:

  • Genetic gain for rice grain yield varied widely (1.5–167.6 kg/ha/year, mean 36.3 kg/ha/year).
  • Rates of genetic gain for grain yield ranged from 0.1% to over 3.0%.
  • Multi-trait selection impacts were observed for traits like plant height, flowering time, and grain quality.

Conclusions:

  • Rice breeding programs have achieved notable genetic gains, yet further enhancements are needed for increasing demand.
  • Limitations in current studies hinder precise genetic gain estimation.
  • Optimizing rice breeding strategies requires improved genetic gain estimation using quantitative genetics and simulations.