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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
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Obesity01:24

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Differentiated Mouse Adipocytes in Primary Culture: A Model of Insulin Resistance
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Adipose failure through adipocyte overload and autoimmunity.

Nicola Susca1, Patrizia Leone1, Marcella Prete1

  • 1Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, 'Aldo Moro' University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy.

Autoimmunity Reviews
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Summary

Metabolic syndrome is a global health risk. Adipocyte overload and adipose tissue failure drive immune responses, explaining metabolic health variations in obesity.

Keywords:
Adipocyte hypertrophyAdipocyte overloadImmununopathogenesisMetabolic syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Adipose tissue immunology
  • Insulin resistance

Background:

  • Metabolic syndrome is a significant worldwide health concern.
  • Increased visceral adiposity is a primary driver of insulin resistance.
  • Adipose tissue inflammation and immune activation are central to metabolic syndrome, but mechanisms remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms linking increased adiposity to immune responses in adipose tissue.
  • To elucidate the role of adipocyte overload and adipose failure in immune aggression within adipose tissue.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on metabolic syndrome, adipose tissue, and immunology.
  • Analysis of mechanisms connecting adiposity, inflammation, and insulin signaling.

Main Results:

  • Adipocyte overload and relative adipose failure are key triggers of immune aggression in adipose tissue.
  • These mechanisms explain why some obese individuals are metabolically normal, while some lean individuals are metabolically obese.
  • Disruption in insulin signaling is linked to these immune responses in metabolically obese lean individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Adipocyte overload and adipose failure are critical determinants of immune responses in adipose tissue.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can help differentiate metabolic health status in obese and lean individuals.
  • This framework offers insights into the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.