Unraveling the Potential of Electrochemical pH-Swing Processes for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilization

Global warming, driven by the accumulation of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, particularly CO₂, in the atmosphere, has garnered significant attention due to its detrimental environmental impacts. To combat this critical issue, the deployment of CO₂ capture and utilization (CCU) strategies has been considered as one of the technology-based solutions, leading to extensive scientific and engineering research. Electrochemical pH-swing (EPS) processes offer a promising approach to diverse CCU pathways, such as the delivery of pure CO₂ gas, the delivery of bicarbonate (e.g., for microalgae cultivation), and the formation of carbonate minerals. In this study, we discuss several CCU pathways using EPS and provide an in-depth analysis of its mechanisms and potential applications, outlining its limitations from both thermodynamic and kinetic standpoints. The EPS process has demonstrated remarkable capabilities, achieving a CO₂ capture efficiency of over 90% and unlocking valuable opportunities for CCU applications. We also develop an initial techno-economic assessment and provide the perspectives and challenges for future development and deployment of EPS. This study sheds light on the integration of EPS with CCU, closing the carbon cycle by effectively utilizing the products generated through the process, such as carbonate minerals and bicarbonate solution. For instance, the bicarbonate product can serve as a viable feedstock for bicarbonate-based microalgae production systems, with the added benefit of reducing costs by 40-80% compared to traditional gaseous CO₂ delivery approaches. By integration of electrochemical technologies with CCU methods, this study underscores the immense potential for mitigating CO₂ emissions and advancing sustainable practices to combat global warming. This study not only addresses the urgent need for effective solutions but also paves the way for a greener and more sustainable future.