[Topical treatment for age-related macular degeneration: Where are we now?]

The therapeutic management of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major public health issue. One of its two late forms, neovascular AMD, is currently treated by intravitreal injections of pharmaceutical active ingredients. Although it is very effective in treating pathologies of the posterior segment of the eye, the intravitreal route is not an ideal option for the long-term management of a chronic disease such as AMD. Indeed, in the literature, some authors even call it a "burden" for the practitioners, the patients and the healthcare system. Thus, consideration should be given to less invasive routes. Among the possible administration routes to reach the posterior segment of the eye, the most suitable for the patient with the least risk of systemic adverse effects is the topical route. Several research teams have attempted to formulate molecules for topical administration in the treatment of atrophic or neovascular AMD. In this review, we emphasize the importance of the pharmaceutical formulation to meet the challenge of targeting the posterior segment of the eye by a topical route.