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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
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Problems With Medium-Sized Joints: Elbow Conditions.

Calli Fry1, Elizabeth T Nguyen2, Stephen Line2

  • 1Texas A&M University School of Medicine - Primary Care Sports Medicine Fellowship.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elbow pain diagnosis involves history, physical exams, and imaging like X-rays, ultrasound, or MRI. Treatment varies for common pediatric and adult elbow injuries, with surgery considered for severe fractures or persistent epicondylitis.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
  • Diagnostic Imaging in Musculoskeletal Conditions

Background:

  • Elbow pain is a common complaint with diverse etiologies in both pediatric and adult populations.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management of elbow injuries and conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a diagnostic approach for elbow pain, including clinical evaluation and imaging modalities.
  • To review common elbow conditions in children and adults and their respective management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive patient history and physical examination to identify injury mechanisms and pathology.
  • Utilizing X-ray as the initial imaging modality, with ultrasonography for dynamic and static visualization.
  • Employing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for chronic elbow pain assessment, detecting edema, tendinopathy, and nerve entrapment.

Main Results:

  • Common pediatric elbow injuries include supracondylar fractures, dislocations, and apophysitis, influenced by growth plates.
  • Adults commonly present with radial head fractures (Modified Mason Classification), epicondylitis, and ulnar nerve compression.
  • Surgical intervention is indicated for specific radial head fracture types (III and IV) and refractory epicondylitis.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic approach combining clinical assessment and appropriate imaging is key to diagnosing elbow pain.
  • Management strategies for pediatric and adult elbow conditions must consider age-specific factors and injury severity.
  • Conservative treatment is the first line for overuse injuries like epicondylitis, with surgery reserved for non-responders.