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Controlling Morphing Behavior in 4D Printing: A Review About Microstructure and Macrostructure Changes in Polylactic

Mylene S Cadete1, Tiago E P Gomes1, Idalina Gonçalves2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.

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Four-dimensional (4D) printing uses stimulus-responsive materials to create 3D objects that change shape. This review explores how material properties and 3D printing parameters influence the shape change effect in poly(lactic acid) (PLA).

Keywords:
4D printingadditive manufacturingfused deposition modelingpoly(lactic acid)shape memorythermal stimulus

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Four-dimensional (4D) printing integrates stimulus-responsive materials with additive manufacturing (AM) to produce 3D objects capable of programmed shape changes.
  • Controlled morphing remains a key challenge in 4D printing, necessitating a deeper understanding of macroscopic and microscopic behavior.
  • This review focuses on thermoplastic poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fabricated via fused deposition modeling (FDM).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of molecular weight, polymer chain modifications, and 3D printing parameters on the shape change capabilities of PLA.
  • To establish the relationship between material properties, processing conditions, and the temporal shape transformation of 4D printed structures.
  • To identify critical parameters governing the shape memory effect in PLA-based materials.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on 4D printing, focusing on poly(lactic acid) (PLA).
  • Analysis of the impact of molecular weight and polymer chain modifications on material properties relevant to shape change.
  • Examination of fused deposition modeling (FDM) parameters, including nozzle temperature, fill density, print patterns, and raster angle, and their effect on shape morphing.

Main Results:

  • The glass transition temperature (Tg) of PLA is a crucial factor influencing shape change and can be modulated by altering molecular weight.
  • 3D printing parameters such as nozzle temperature, fill density, print patterns, and raster angle significantly affect the material's shape change behavior.
  • Shape recovery in 4D printed PLA structures is strongly correlated with the chosen recovery temperature.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular weight and processing parameters are critical for controlling the shape memory effect in 4D printed PLA.
  • Optimizing the glass transition temperature and selecting appropriate 3D printing conditions are essential for achieving desired shape transformations.
  • Further research into 4D printing of PLA can unlock potential applications in areas requiring shape memory structures.