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Injury Risk for the Hand and Forearm Under Loading Representative of Behind Shield Blunt Trauma.

J E de Lange1, L Burrows1, A Wadera2

  • 1School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering
|December 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study investigated behind armour blunt trauma (BABT) from ballistic shields using post-mortem human subjects. The forearm showed a lower fracture risk than the hand, providing critical data for shield design.

Keywords:
Accidental injuryAnthropomorphic test deviceBallistic shieldsBehind armour blunt traumaTraumatic injuryUpper extremity injuries

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Trauma research
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Ballistic shields mitigate projectile threats.
  • Shield back-face deformation (BFD) can cause behind armour blunt trauma (BABT) to the user's upper extremity.
  • Understanding injury thresholds is crucial for protective gear development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the fracture thresholds of the hand and forearm due to BABT from ballistic shields.
  • To quantify injury risk in high-rate loading scenarios.
  • To inform the design of future composite ballistic shields.

Main Methods:

  • Eight post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) were used to simulate BABT impacts.
  • Impacts were delivered to the hand and forearm at velocities around 16-17 m/s.
  • Failure loads and 10% fracture risk levels were determined using a modified WorldSID Anthropomorphic Test Device.

Main Results:

  • Hand impacts at 16.4 ± 0.8 m/s resulted in failure loads of 3818 ± 897 N.
  • Forearm impacts at 16.9 ± 1.9 m/s resulted in lower failure loads of 3011 ± 656 N.
  • The 10% risk of fracture was 11.0 kN for the hand and 8.1 kN for the forearm.

Conclusions:

  • The forearm is more susceptible to fracture than the hand under BABT loading conditions.
  • Established fracture risk levels provide essential data for evaluating ballistic shield designs.
  • This research pioneers the investigation of upper extremity biomechanics in high-rate BABT scenarios.