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Related Concept Videos

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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GPCR Desensitization01:12

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G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling plays a crucial role in cell functioning. GPCR desensitization is an equally essential process. It allows cells to respond to changing environments and regain sensitivity to new stimuli while preventing unnecessary stimulation when no longer needed. Prolonged exposure to stimuli leads to GPCR desensitization. It involves blocking the receptors from binding and activating additional G proteins. This inhibits activation of downstream effectors, thereby...
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2025

Detection of Signaling Effector-Complexes Downstream of BMP4 Using in situ PLA, a Proximity Ligation Assay
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Deciphering downstream receptor signaling.

Marta Filizola1, Jonathan A Javitch2,3,4

  • 1Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Integrative structural biology is crucial for advancing drug discovery. This approach combines multiple techniques to provide comprehensive molecular insights for developing new medicines.

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Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • Drug discovery
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Drug discovery is a complex process.
  • Traditional methods face limitations.
  • Need for advanced techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of integrative structural biology.
  • To discuss its role in modern drug discovery.
  • To showcase advancements in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of various structural biology techniques.
  • Multi-modal data analysis.
  • Computational modeling and simulation.

Main Results:

  • Enhanced understanding of molecular mechanisms.
  • Improved prediction of drug efficacy and toxicity.
  • Accelerated identification of drug candidates.

Conclusions:

  • Integrative structural biology is essential for efficient drug discovery.
  • This approach offers deeper insights into biological systems.
  • It paves the way for novel therapeutic interventions.