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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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Updated: Jul 7, 2025

Analysis of Histone Antibody Specificity with Peptide Microarrays
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Analysis of Histone Antibody Specificity with Peptide Microarrays

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Forecasting histone methylation by Polycomb complexes with minute-scale precision.

Moa J Lundkvist1, Ludvig Lizana2, Yuri B Schwartz1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

Science Advances
|December 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) dynamically methylates histone H3K27 to repress genes. Our model shows H3K27 methylation depends on PRC2 concentration and replication, and epigenetic memory is unlikely transmitted across generations in Drosophila.

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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • The Polycomb system epigenetically represses developmental genes via histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) mediated by Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2).
  • The dynamic regulation and inheritance of H3K27me3 during cell division remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a computational model forecasting H3K27 methylation dynamics in Drosophila.
  • To investigate the factors influencing H3K27 methylation and the transmission of epigenetic memory.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a computational model simulating H3K27 methylation with high temporal and spatial resolution.
  • Analysis of PRC2 concentration, replication frequency, and allosteric stimulation by existing H3K27me3.

Main Results:

  • H3K27 methylation levels in dividing cells are determined by PRC2 concentration and replication frequency.
  • Allosteric stimulation enhances PRC2's specificity for developmental genes.
  • Intergenerationally inherited H3K27me3 is unlikely to persist through rapid embryonic replication cycles in Drosophila.

Conclusions:

  • The computational model provides insights into the dynamics of H3K27 methylation and epigenetic gene regulation.
  • Drosophila's H3K27me3 epigenetic memory is not transmitted across generations due to rapid embryonic replication.
  • The model is adaptable for studying epigenetic mechanisms in other organisms like mice and humans.