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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

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Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
7.0K
Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

50.3K
The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
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Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane01:27

Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane

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The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
The major components of all eukaryotic cell...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2025

Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
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Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

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Phosphatidic acid signaling and function in nuclei.

Shuaibing Yao1, Sang-Chul Kim1, Jianwu Li1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA.

Progress in Lipid Research
|December 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Phosphatidic acid (PA) acts within plant nuclei, influencing growth, development, and stress responses. This nuclear role of PA is a key finding, expanding our understanding of lipid mediator functions.

Keywords:
DAG kinasesDiacylglycerolNuclear signalingPhosphatidic acidPhospholipasesStress signalingTranscriptional regulation

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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

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Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation
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Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

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Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

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Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation
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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Membrane lipidomes are dynamic, producing lipid mediators impacting biological processes.
  • Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a crucial lipid mediator in plants, animals, and microbes.
  • PA's regulatory roles are increasingly recognized within cell nuclei.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nuclear functions of phosphatidic acid (PA) in plants.
  • To understand how nuclear PA levels change and affect biological processes.
  • To explore PA's interactions with nuclear proteins and its impact on plant physiology.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of dynamic changes in nuclear PA levels.
  • Investigating enzymes associated with nuclear PA generation.
  • Studying the translocation of PA and its interaction with nuclear proteins.

Main Results:

  • Nuclear PA levels dynamically change in response to stimuli.
  • PA interacts with nuclear proteins, including transcription factors.
  • Nuclear PA influences plant growth, development, and stress responses.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphatidic acid (PA) exerts significant regulatory functions within the plant nucleus.
  • Nuclear PA dynamics are crucial for mediating responses to environmental changes.
  • Further research into nuclear PA actions is essential for understanding plant biology.