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Related Concept Videos

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:37

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Updated: Jul 6, 2025

Characterizing DNA Repair Processes at Transient and Long-lasting Double-strand DNA Breaks by Immunofluorescence Microscopy
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An ATM D-compartmentalization in DNA damage response.

Anjali Prasad1, Arun Kanakkanthara2

  • 1Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Trends in Cell Biology
|December 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

A new DNA repair mechanism involving the ATM protein creates a distinct chromatin compartment (D compartment) after DNA double-strand breaks. This compartment aids cellular repair but poses a risk to genome integrity.

Keywords:
ATMD compartmentDNA damage responseDNA repairchromatin compartmentalizationgenome integrity

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Chromatin structure plays a critical role in DNA repair processes.
  • The impact of dynamic chromatin changes on DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how chromatin configuration influences the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks.
  • To identify novel chromatin compartments involved in DNA repair orchestration.

Main Methods:

  • The study utilized advanced microscopy and molecular biology techniques to observe chromatin dynamics post-DSB.
  • Investigated the role of ATM (Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated) kinase in organizing chromatin structure.

Main Results:

  • ATM orchestrates the formation of a distinct chromatin compartment, termed the 'D compartment', following DSBs.
  • This D compartment enhances the efficiency of cellular DNA repair mechanisms.
  • However, the D compartment also presents a potential risk to overall genome integrity.

Conclusions:

  • The formation of the D compartment is a key event in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks.
  • While beneficial for repair, this ATM-mediated chromatin reorganization requires careful regulation to prevent genomic instability.