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Cleavage and Blastulation

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function.
Animal cells
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Newman Projections

Newman Projections

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2025

Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Published on: August 20, 2016

Two-motif model illuminates DICER cleavage preferences.

Cong Truc Le¹, Trung Duc Nguyen¹, Tuan Anh Nguyen¹

¹Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China.

Nucleic Acids Research

|January 3, 2024

Summary

DICER enzyme precisely cuts short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) at specific sites, guided by two motifs (mWCU and YCR). These motifs, along with DICER's dsRNA-binding domain, control gene expression regulation.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Gene Regulation
RNA Interference

Background:

DICER is crucial for gene silencing by processing double-stranded RNAs into small RNAs like miRNAs and siRNAs.
Understanding DICER's substrate recognition and cleavage mechanisms is vital for RNA interference (RNAi) pathway research.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the precise cleavage sites of DICER on short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs).
To identify sequence motifs and protein domains that dictate DICER's substrate specificity and cleavage activity.

Main Methods:

Utilized high-throughput dicing assays with diverse shRNA variants and wild-type/mutant DICER.
Analyzed cleavage products to determine specific nucleotide positions (DC21 and DC22).
Investigated the role of identified motifs (mWCU, YCR) and DICER's dsRNA-binding domain (dsRBD).

Main Results:

DICER predominantly cleaves shRNAs at the 21st (DC21) and 22nd (DC22) nucleotide positions.
Two distinct motifs, mWCU and YCR, were identified as determinants of cleavage site selection.
The dsRNA-binding domain (dsRBD) enhances DICER cleavage, with mWCU further strengthening this interaction, while YCR acts independently.

Conclusions:

A two-motif model for DICER substrate recognition and cleavage is proposed.
Elucidates how DICER recognizes shRNA/pre-miRNA substrates, impacting gene expression regulation.
Provides critical insights into the molecular mechanisms governing RNA interference.