Evaluation of resampling-based inference for topological features of neuroimages

Many recent studies have demonstrated the inflated type 1 error rate of the original Gaussian random field (GRF) methods for inference of neuroimages and identified resampling (permutation and bootstrapping) methods that have better performance. There has been no evaluation of resampling procedures when using robust (sandwich) statistical images with different topological features (TF) used for neuroimaging inference. Here, we consider estimation of distributions TFs of a statistical image and evaluate resampling procedures that can be used when exchangeability is violated. We compare the methods using realistic simulations and study sex differences in life-span age-related changes in gray matter volume in the Nathan Kline Institute Rockland sample. We find that our proposed wild bootstrap and the commonly used permutation procedure perform well in sample sizes above 50 under realistic simulations with heteroskedasticity. The Rademacher wild bootstrap has fewer assumptions than the permutation and performs similarly in samples of 100 or more, so is valid in a broader range of conditions. We also evaluate the GRF-based pTFCE method and show that it has inflated error rates in samples less than 200. Our R package, pbj , is available on Github and allows the user to reproducibly implement various resampling-based group level neuroimage analyses.