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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
In optical microscopy, the specimen to be viewed is placed on a glass slide and clipped on the stage...
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A fluorescence microscope uses fluorescent chromophores called fluorochromes, which can absorb energy from a light source and then emit this energy as visible light. Fluorochromes include naturally fluorescent substances (such as chlorophylls) and fluorescent stains that are added to the specimen to create contrast. Dyes such as Texas red and FITC are examples of fluorochromes. Other examples include the nucleic acid dyes 4’,6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and acridine orange.
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Immunoelectron microscopy utilizes immunogold labeling of endogenous proteins with specific antibodies to detect and localize these proteins in cells and tissues. The procedure provides insights into the distribution and quantification of protein under different stimulation conditions offering clues about their functions. Conjugating highly electron-dense gold particles with primary or secondary antibodies allow antigen detection on and within cells, with high resolution and specificity.
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Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function (PSF). PSF is the light intensity distribution from a point that causes it to appear blurred. Due to PSF, each fluorescing point appears bigger than its actual size, and it is the PSF interference of nearby fluorophores that causes the blurred image. Various approaches to achieving higher resolution through SRFM have recently been...
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Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in the membrane of tiny sac-like structures called thylakoids placed inside the chloroplast.
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Genuine images in 2024.

H Holden Thorp1

  • 1H. Holden Thorp Editor-in-Chief, Science journals.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|January 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Scientific journals are using artificial intelligence (AI) to detect manipulated images in research papers. This technology helps ensure the integrity of scientific publications and maintain public trust in research findings.

Area of Science:

  • Scientific Publishing
  • Research Integrity
  • Image Analysis

Background:

  • Growing concerns regarding image manipulation in scientific publications, including microscopy, flow cytometry, and western blots.
  • Inadvertent alterations can occur, but deliberate manipulation poses a risk to research integrity and public trust.
  • Prominent platforms like PubPeer and experts like Elisabeth Bik are crucial in identifying image flaws.

Discussion:

  • High-profile cases of image manipulation have damaged scientific credibility and impacted researchers' careers.
  • The need for robust tools to detect altered scientific images is paramount.
  • Adoption of AI-powered tools represents a significant step towards safeguarding research authenticity.

Key Insights:

  • Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a powerful solution for detecting image manipulation in scientific literature.

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  • The Science family of journals is implementing an AI tool, Proofig, to screen all submitted images.
  • Proactive detection of image alterations is essential for maintaining the reliability of published research.

    • Outlook:

    • Widespread adoption of AI image analysis tools can enhance the trustworthiness of scientific publications.
    • Continued development and integration of AI in scientific publishing workflows are expected.
    • Strengthening scientific integrity through technological advancements is crucial for the future of research.