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Pressure Pulsatility Links Cardio-Respiratory and Brain Rhythmicity.

Owen P Hamill1

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Summary

Intracranial pressure (ICP) pulsatility, driven by heartbeats and breathing, is sensed by the brain. This sensing, mediated by Piezo channels, synchronizes neural networks and influences brain rhythms.

Keywords:
brain neuronselectrical rhythmicityelectroencephalogram (EEG)heartbeat- and breathing-induced intracranial pressure pulsatilitymillinewton pulsatile forcesneural network entrainmentpressure-activated Piezo channelsproprioceptorstouch receptors

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biophysics
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Intracranial pressure (ICP) pulsatility, arising from physiological rhythms like heartbeat and respiration, has been traditionally viewed as a mechanical artifact in neural recordings.
  • The precise role of ICP pulsatility in brain function and neural information processing remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether ICP pulsatility is actively sensed by the brain and contributes to neural information processing.
  • To explore the cellular mechanisms, specifically pressure-activated ion channels, involved in sensing ICP pulsatility.
  • To determine the physiological significance of ICP pulsatility in synchronizing neural networks and modulating brain rhythms.

Main Methods:

  • Patch-clamp recordings to study pressure-activated ion channels in neurons.
  • Detection of Piezo2 protein expression in brain neurons.
  • Direct measurements of intracranial forces in human patients.
  • Analysis of neural spiking patterns in relation to extracranial pressure pulsations.
  • Investigation of low-frequency oscillation effects on high-frequency oscillations in biological systems.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests Piezo channels in neurons confer intrinsic resonance to ICP pulsatility, aiding in the synchronization of remote neural networks.
  • Human intracranial forces generated by heartbeat and breathing significantly exceed forces known to activate Piezo channels in isolated neurons.
  • Human somatosensory receptors (touch and proprioceptors) exhibit spiking phase-locked to extracranial pressure pulsations.
  • A hierarchical oscillatory system is proposed where heartbeat serves as a fundamental frequency influencing other body and brain oscillations.

Conclusions:

  • ICP pulsatility is actively sensed and plays a functional role in brain information processing, not merely a mechanical artifact.
  • Pressure-activated channels, like Piezo2, are key mediators in sensing ICP pulsatility and synchronizing neural activity.
  • ICP pulsatility is proposed as a fundamental element in modulating the brain's electrical rhythmicity and coordinating neural networks.