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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Children

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Children

Published on: April 29, 2013

First Real-Life Data on the Diving Response in Healthy Children.

Mareike Rixen¹, Johannes Weickmann¹, Roman Antonin Gebauer¹

¹Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany.

Pediatric Cardiology

|January 4, 2024

Summary

Children

Keywords:

Bradycardia Children Dive reflex Diving Pediatrics Swimming

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Children

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Physiology
Cardiovascular Adaptations
Diving Response

Background:

Swimming and diving are popular for cardiovascular fitness.
Limited data exists on cardiovascular adaptations to submersion in children.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the physiological diving response in children.
To understand cardiovascular adaptations during apnea and submersion.

Main Methods:

Stepwise apnea protocol: rest, facial immersion, whole body submersion.
Continuous monitoring of heart rate, oxygen saturation, and peripheral resistance index.
Analysis of influencing factors on cardiovascular responses.

Main Results:

Facial or whole body submersion caused a significant heart rate drop and increased peripheral resistance.
Oxygen saturation remained largely unaffected during static apnea up to 75 seconds in most children.
This study provides the first data on the physiological diving response in pediatric subjects.

Conclusions:

Children exhibit a distinct physiological diving response.
Heart rate and peripheral resistance significantly change with submersion in children.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate the long-term cardiovascular effects.