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LinoSPAD2: an FPGA-based, hardware-reconfigurable 512×1 single-photon camera system.

Tommaso Milanese, Claudio Bruschini, Samuel Burri

|January 5, 2024

Summary

The LinoSPAD2 is a novel, large-format, fully reconfigurable single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) camera. This advanced system offers real-time processing for applications in computational imaging and sensing.

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Area of Science:

Photonics and Imaging Technology
Digital Signal Processing
Sensor Systems

Background:

Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) cameras are crucial for low-light imaging.
Existing SPAD systems often lack full reconfigurability and large format capabilities.
Real-time processing of SPAD signals is essential for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce LinoSPAD2, a fully reconfigurable, large-format SPAD camera system.
To detail the system architecture, including the SPAD front-end and FPGA back-ends.
To characterize the performance of the LinoSPAD2 system.

Main Methods:

Developed a 512x1 SPAD array front-end with microlens arrays.
Integrated FPGA-based back-ends for real-time digital signal processing.

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Utilized time-to-digital converters (TDCs) for high-resolution timing measurements.

Main Results:

Achieved a 512 SPAD simultaneous processing capability with 256 channels.
Demonstrated a TDC time resolution of 20 ps (LSB) at 133 MSa/s.
Characterized median dark count rate (DCR) of 80 cps, peak photon detection probability (PDP) of 53% at 520 nm, and single-photon timing resolution (SPTR) of 50 ps FWHM.

Conclusions:

LinoSPAD2 represents the first fully reconfigurable, large-format SPAD camera.
The system exhibits excellent performance metrics, including timing resolution and photon detection efficiency.
The LinoSPAD2 camera is well-suited for advanced applications like LiDAR, heralded spectroscopy, and compressive sensing.