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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2025

Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears
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Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears

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Irreparable Subscapularis Tears: Current Tendon Transfer Options.

Jared J Reid1, Grant E Garrigues2, Richard J Friedman3

  • 1Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston SC 29412, Clinical Science Building MSC, Code 708, Charleston, SC, USA. reidj@musc.edu.

Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
|January 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surgical management of irreparable subscapularis tears involves tendon transfers. Both pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi transfers improve outcomes, but further research is needed to determine the superior technique for shoulder function.

Keywords:
Irreparable subscapularis tendon tearsLatissimus dorsi transferPectoralis major transferTendon transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Shoulder reconstruction
  • Tendon transfer techniques

Background:

  • Irreparable subscapularis tears pose a significant challenge, particularly in active young patients.
  • Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi tendon transfers are common surgical options, but a definitive consensus on the optimal technique is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze current tendon transfer techniques for irreparable subscapularis tears.
  • To compare the efficacy and outcomes of pectoralis major versus latissimus dorsi tendon transfers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on tendon transfer procedures for irreparable subscapularis tears.
  • Analysis of clinical outcomes and biomechanical data for pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi tendon transfers.

Main Results:

  • Pectoralis major tendon transfer, historically considered the gold standard, shows improvements in pain and function but may not restore full range of motion or internal rotation strength long-term.
  • Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer demonstrates biomechanical advantages in cadaveric studies and shows promising short-term clinical results.
  • Both transfer techniques lead to improved patient outcomes for irreparable subscapularis tears.

Conclusions:

  • Both pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi tendon transfers are viable surgical options for irreparable subscapularis tears.
  • Further comparative studies are essential to establish the superiority of one technique over the other for long-term shoulder function and patient-reported outcomes.