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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Menopause01:28

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

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The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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Updated: Jul 6, 2025

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
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Multiple sclerosis and hypogonadism: is there a relationship?

Muhammed A M Hammad1, Adriana Rush2, Charles A Loeb1

  • 1Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, United States.

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|January 8, 2024
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Low testosterone levels are linked to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction and sexual issues in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Further research is needed on testosterone replacement therapy for MS.

Keywords:
hypogonadismmultiple sclerosissexual functiontestosterone

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune CNS disease predominantly affecting women.
  • Hypogonadism, or low testosterone, is increasingly recognized as impacting MS quality of life and progression.

Approach:

  • A systematic review of 19 studies published between 2008 and 2022 was conducted.
  • The PubMed database was searched using terms related to MS, testosterone, and hypogonadism.

Key Points:

  • 11 of 19 studies found a positive correlation between low testosterone and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis dysfunction in MS patients.
  • Low testosterone may contribute to HPG axis dysfunction and is associated with sexual dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • A complex relationship exists between MS, testosterone levels, and HPG axis function.
  • Low testosterone may exacerbate MS-related sexual dysfunction; further research on testosterone therapy is warranted.