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Overview of Exosomes01:36

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Updated: Jul 6, 2025

Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment
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Exosome Content-Mediated Signaling Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis.

Mina Mohammadinasr1,2,3, Soheila Montazersaheb4, Hormoz Ayromlou5

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. mina.mohammadynasr@gmail.com.

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Exosomes, tiny vesicles involved in cell communication, show promise for treating multiple sclerosis (MS). Their ability to deliver molecules across the blood-brain barrier offers new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for MS patients.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles crucial for intercellular communication in physiological and pathological states.
  • These vesicles are implicated in various central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Exosomes facilitate cell-to-cell signaling by transferring diverse molecular cargo, such as proteins, RNAs, and DNAs, to recipient cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current research on exosomes derived from various sources in patients and models of multiple sclerosis.
  • To critically analyze exosome content-mediated signaling pathways implicated in MS pathogenesis.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of exosomes for treating MS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating exosomes in MS patients and experimental models.
  • Analysis of exosome cargo, including microRNAs (miRNAs), and their differential expression in MS.
  • Examination of exosome-mediated signaling pathways (e.g., TNF-α, TGF-β, NF-κB, Wnt) in the context of MS.

Main Results:

  • Exosomal miRNAs exhibit distinct expression patterns in MS, suggesting potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
  • Exosomes are non-immunogenic and non-toxic, facilitating miRNA transfer across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
  • Exosomes can be utilized as drug delivery vehicles for therapeutic interventions in MS.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes represent a promising avenue for novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in multiple sclerosis.
  • Their role in intercellular communication and ability to cross the BBB highlight their potential as drug delivery systems for MS treatment.
  • Further research into exosome content and signaling pathways can advance the development of effective MS therapies.