Micronutrient status and protein-energy malnutrition in free-living older adults: a current perspective

This review addresses the newest findings on micronutrient status and protein-energy malnutrition in the increasingly aging global population; understanding the nutritional challenges they face is vital for healthcare, well being, and public health.

The review examines deficiencies in macro- and micronutrients among nonhospitalized, free-living older adults, revealing significant associated health consequences, including frailty, cognitive decline, and reduced quality of life. Deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, and E, are common in older populations, emphasizing the need for close monitoring for status of these. Furthermore, water-soluble vitamin deficiencies, especially vitamins B12 and C are also common, and pose health risks, including neurological disorders and cognitive decline. Iron and iodine deficiencies contribute to anemia, and neurocognitive disorders. Finally, protein-energy malnutrition is common in older adults living in high-resource countries and may occur concomitant with depletion of one or more micronutrients.

Addressing specific nutritional deficiencies is fundamental to enhancing the wellbeing and quality of life for free-living older adults. Protein-energy malnutrition, impacting over 25% of those aged 65 and above, results in a range of health issues, including poor wound healing, susceptibility to infections, anemia, and delayed convalescence. These concerns are aggravated by inadequate energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intake, affecting muscle strength and overall health. Future research should focus on tailored appropriate monitoring of at-risk individuals, specific nutritional interventions, and dietary strategies to mitigate these issues and improve health outcomes among older adults.