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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
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The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
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The thoracic section of the aorta begins at the T5 vertebra and extends to the T12 level at the diaphragm, initially progressing through the mediastinum to the left of the spinal column. Throughout its course in the thoracic segment, the thoracic aorta emits various offshoots known collectively as visceral and parietal branches. The branches that predominantly supply blood to visceral organs are termed visceral branches and include bronchial, pericardial, esophageal, and mediastinal arteries,...
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Abdominal Aorta01:25

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Once the aorta traverses the diaphragmatic plane at the aortic hiatus, it is known as the abdominal aorta. This anatomical structure is positioned leftward of the spinal column, encased within a cocoon of adipose tissue behind the peritoneal cavity. It terminates at the L4 vertebra, where it splits into the common iliac arteries. Prior to this bifurcation, the abdominal aorta gives rise to several vital branches.
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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Veins of Thorax01:19

Veins of Thorax

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Updated: Jul 6, 2025

Novel and Innovative Hybrid Technique for Type A Aortic Dissection
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Vertebral Artery Dissection.

Ivan Ivanov1, Michael Cataldo2, Alyssa Cocchiara2

  • 1Emergency Department, New York City Health and Hospitals Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York, USA i.ivanov7951@gmail.com.

BMJ Case Reports
|January 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vertebral artery dissection, a rare cause of stroke in young adults, can result from minor injuries. Prompt anticoagulation is crucial if surgery isn't needed, highlighting the need for high clinical suspicion.

Keywords:
neuroimagingorthopaedic and trauma surgerytraumatrauma CNS /PNSvascular surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Vertebral artery dissections (VADs) are uncommon but serious conditions, particularly in younger individuals, often leading to stroke.
  • Minor trauma, such as falls, can precipitate VAD, necessitating a high index of suspicion among clinicians.

Observation:

  • A case study details a woman in her 30s who developed posterior neck pain after a fall from a swing.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) confirmed a diagnosis of vertebral artery dissection.

Findings:

  • The patient was treated with a combination of high-dose apixaban and low-dose aspirin for anticoagulation.
  • This treatment approach was initiated as surgical management was not indicated for her condition.

Implications:

  • Emergency medicine providers must recognize that low-impact events can cause VAD.
  • Maintaining a high index of suspicion and initiating anticoagulation promptly when surgery is not indicated are key management strategies.