Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 6, 2025
Induction of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Collection of Involved Tissues
Published on: August 4, 2022
Sex Differences in the Prevalence of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Mini Review
Sara T Nøland1,2,3, Morten S Magnø2,3,4, Tor P Utheim2,5,6
1Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Purpose:
In this review, we aimed to investigate the literature on sex-specific prevalence of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and to determine whether women or men are more at risk for MGD.
Methods:
A search was conducted on PubMed using the terms: (Sex OR Gender OR prevalence) AND (Meibomian gland).
Results:
Twenty-four relevant studies on MGD prevalence were identified, including 10 population-based and 14 hospital-based studies. Among the population-based studies, five studies reported higher rates among men, three studies found no differences, and one study observed higher rates among women. In the hospital-based studies, 10 studies reported no difference, two found higher rates among men, and one found higher among women. In the reviewed literature, there was a considerable variation between studies in terms of quality, sample size, age ranges, diagnostic criteria.
Conclusions:
While most of the population-based studies suggest a higher prevalence among men, the majority of clinic-based studies show no significant difference. Further research with larger samples and standardized criteria is needed to determine whether men are indeed more susceptible to MGD.
