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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Overview01:31

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Overview

2.5K
There are various methods for the preparation of carboxylic acids. For example, oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes using strong oxidizing agents results in a carboxylic acid.  Aldehydes can also be oxidized in the presence of mild oxidizing agents.
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Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

3.1K
One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
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Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis of Nitriles01:19

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis of Nitriles

4.2K
Nitriles (R–CN) can be converted into carboxylic acids (R–COOH) upon treatment with aqueous acids, i.e., upon hydrolysis of nitriles. Under base-catalyzed conditions, carboxylate anions (R–COO−) are formed.
4.2K
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:18

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

2.6K
Aldehydes are more reactive than carboxylic acids and hence, can get over-reduced to alcohol in the presence of strong reducing agents. Therefore, carboxylic acids are inefficient in preparing aldehydes using LAH.
Carboxylic acid derivatives like acid chlorides and esters are more easily reducible than the corresponding acids. The derivatives reduce in the presence of mild reducing agents to give aldehydes. Aldehydes can also be prepared by Rosenmund reduction, that is, the reduction of...
2.6K
Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Introduction01:41

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Introduction

3.0K
Carboxylic acids possess an acidic –COOH functional group. The acidity can be attributed to the resonance stabilization of their conjugate base, wherein the negative charge is delocalized over both oxygen atoms.
3.0K
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Nitriles and Carboxylic Acids01:24

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Nitriles and Carboxylic Acids

3.5K
Although it is possible to reduce a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde, strong reducing agents, like lithium aluminum hydride (LAH), prohibit a controlled reduction, instead causing the generated aldehyde to instantly over-reduce to a primary alcohol.
Reducing carboxylic acid derivatives like acyl chlorides (RCOCl), esters (RCO2R′), and nitriles (RCN) using milder aluminum hydride agents like lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride [LiAlH(O-t-Bu)3] and diisobutylaluminum hydride [DIBAL-H]...
3.5K

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Insights into Preparation Methods and Functions of Carbon-Based Solid Acids.

Dong Shu1,2, Jian Zhang1,2, Roger Ruan3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 11, 2024
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Summary

Researchers are exploring carbon-based solid acids for green chemistry applications. This review details their preparation, modification, and catalytic functions, highlighting their role in sustainable chemical processes and environmental preservation.

Keywords:
acidification typecarbon-based solid acidcarbonization methodfunctionpreparation method

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Area of Science:

  • Green chemistry and sustainable materials science.
  • Catalysis and surface chemistry.
  • Environmental science and engineering.

Background:

  • Growing demand for environmentally friendly chemical processes.
  • Need for efficient and reusable solid acid catalysts.
  • Carbon-based materials offer tunable properties for catalysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review carbon-based solid acids.
  • To summarize preparation methods and modifications.
  • To analyze their catalytic applications and future potential.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common carbonization techniques (one-step, two-step, hydrothermal, template).
  • Analysis of various acidification methods (sulfonating agents, phosphoric acid, heteropoly acid, nitric acid).
  • Examination of catalytic functions in esterification, hydrolysis, condensation, and alkylation.

Main Results:

  • Carbon source and preparation conditions significantly influence acid properties.
  • Diverse carbonization and acidification methods yield varied catalytic activities.
  • Carbon-based solid acids demonstrate broad applicability in key organic transformations.

Conclusions:

  • Carbon-based solid acids are promising catalysts for sustainable chemistry.
  • Further research is needed to overcome current limitations.
  • Development prospects lie in optimizing synthesis and exploring new applications for environmental benefits.