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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Surveyors use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure the precise location and elevation of points on Earth. In a recent survey, GPS receivers were used to determine the coordinates and elevations of two park monuments. The process involved careful mission planning, data collection, and correction to ensure accuracy. The survey began with mission planning to identify optimal satellite visibility and minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). A geodetic control point...
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an indispensable tool in fieldwork, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency for surveying, navigation, and infrastructure development. By harnessing signals from a constellation of satellites, GPS receivers determine the location of objects with remarkable speed and accuracy, often completing calculations within a second.Advantages of Modern GPS TechnologyContemporary GPS receivers are designed to meet the practical demands of field...
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Surveying is the art and science of mapping the earth's surface. It involves measuring distances, angles in horizontal or vertical directions, and levels to understand the shape and size of land features. Surveying techniques are essential for various tasks, such as identifying the levels of a land area with reference to a specific point, and mapping undulations and water bodies.There are two main types of surveying: plane surveys and geodetic surveys. Plane surveys assume the earth is flat,...
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Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings01:11

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When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
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Updated: Jul 5, 2025

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A Statistical Approach for the Integration of Multi-Temporal InSAR and GNSS-PPP Ground Deformation Measurements.

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  • 1Department of Geomatics Engineering, Gaziosmanpasa University, 60150 Tokat, Türkiye.

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|January 11, 2024
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Summary

Monitoring ground deformation in Istanbul

Keywords:
ALOS-2GNSS-PPPPS InSARSentinel-1deformationstatistical analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Geosciences
  • Geodesy
  • Remote Sensing

Background:

  • Ground deformation monitoring is crucial for hazard management in megacities.
  • Istanbul's Golden Horn area faces significant deformation due to rapid development and construction.
  • Previous studies have not comprehensively assessed these deformations using integrated geodetic techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and quantify ground deformations along Istanbul's Golden Horn coastline.
  • To compare the effectiveness of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) techniques for deformation monitoring.
  • To assess the impact of urban development on ground stability in a UNESCO-protected region.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multi-temporal SAR images from Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 satellites for InSAR analysis (2015-2020).
  • Employed Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) with Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique for ground displacement measurements (2017-2020).
  • Cross-compared InSAR and GNSS derived displacement products using statistical methods and spatial analysis with buffer zones.

Main Results:

  • Both InSAR and GNSS techniques successfully measured vertical ground velocities, indicating significant subsidence.
  • Vertical displacement rates ranged from -4.86 to -23.58 mm/yr for InSAR and -9.50 to -27.77 mm/yr for GNSS.
  • The study confirmed the value of the PPP technique for precise geodetic measurements and highlighted the PPP technique's value.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated InSAR and GNSS provide reliable data for monitoring ground deformation in urban coastal areas.
  • The findings underscore the need for continued monitoring and potential mitigation strategies for ground subsidence in the Golden Horn.
  • This research contributes to hazard management and urban planning in vulnerable megacity environments.