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Related Concept Videos

Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

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Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.
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Breath Phase Durations, Affect, and Attention: A Pilot Randomized Crossover Trial.

Shirley Telles1, Sachin Kumar Sharma1, Ankur Kumar1

  • 1Division of Yoga and Clinical Neurophysiology, Patanjali Research Foundation, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.

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|January 11, 2024
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Breathing exercises with varying inhale-to-exhale ratios impact positive emotions but not anxiety or vigor. Further research with physiological measures is recommended to understand these effects.

Keywords:
Affectattentionvarying inspiration to expiration durationsvigor

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Area of Science:

  • Psychophysiology
  • Respiratory Science
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Volitional breathing, particularly yoga techniques like bhramari pranayama with low inspiration-to-expiration (i/e) ratios, has previously demonstrated improvements in cognition and reductions in state anxiety.
  • The specific impact of manipulating i/e ratios on affective states and attentional performance remains an area requiring further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effects of low, equal, and high i/e ratios during volitional breathing on participants' affect and attention.
  • To investigate how different breathing patterns influence mood, vigor, and sustained attention.

Main Methods:

  • Forty healthy participants engaged in three distinct breathing conditions (low i/e: 28:72, equal i/e: 50:50, high i/e: 72:28) and a control condition (no conscious breath modification), all regulated by a visual metronome at 12 breaths per minute.
  • Assessments included the Brief Mood Introspection Scale (BMIS), Global Vigor and Affect Scale (GVAS), Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI-S), and a sustained attention task (six-letter cancellation test).
  • Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni adjusted post-hoc tests.

Main Results:

  • Pleasant feelings significantly increased following low and equal i/e breathing conditions.
  • Positive feelings were enhanced with low i/e breathing, while equal i/e breathing led to a decrease in sustained attention performance.
  • All breathing conditions and the control session resulted in decreased state anxiety and increased vigor; however, high i/e breathing alone did not reduce negative feelings.

Conclusions:

  • Manipulating breath phase ratios (i/e) can influence positive and pleasant affect but does not appear to significantly alter state anxiety or vigor.
  • The observed effects on attention suggest a potential trade-off between affective modulation and cognitive performance depending on the breathing pattern.
  • Concurrent physiological assessments are recommended to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for these observed psychophysiological changes.