Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Depression: Overview01:18

Depression: Overview

247
Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
247
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

237
Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
237
Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

72.0K
Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
72.0K
Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction

276
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
IBS is a chronic condition that can persist over a long period or recur frequently.
The pathogenesis of IBS involves a complex interplay of the following factors:
Altered...
276
Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia01:27

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

136
Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...
136
What is Monogastric Digestion?01:50

What is Monogastric Digestion?

71.2K
The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. Several other animal species also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter, however, focuses on the human digestive system.
71.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Oral Prolonged-Release Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Two Randomized Clinical Trials.

JAMA network open·2026
Same author

Decomposing neuroanatomical heterogeneity in depression: insights from an ENIGMA major depressive disorder working group study in 5146 individuals.

Translational psychiatry·2026
Same author

Brain Morphology Mediators of the Association of Childhood Trauma With Bipolar Disorder: An International ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group Study.

JAMA psychiatry·2026
Same author

Multidomain correlates of burnout: A population-based study using supervised machine learning.

Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology·2026
Same author

Blunted anticipation, but not consummation, of food rewards in depression.

Cell reports. Medicine·2026
Same author

Signal Quality and Reliability of Heart Rate Measurement Using Simultaneous PPG and Inertial Data in Healthy Adults.

Studies in health technology and informatics·2026
Same journal

Corrigendum to "Choroid plexus enlargement correlates with cognitive impairment and brain atrophy in patients with mood disorders" [J. Affect. Disord. 379 (2025) 370-378].

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same journal

Long-term trajectories of basal metabolic rate and risk of depressive symptoms: evidence from three large population-based cohorts.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same journal

An implementation "Field Trial" of DBT for adolescents with bipolar disorder: Training procedures and therapist outcomes.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same journal

Anxiety and depression associated oral health problems in pediatric populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same journal

Corrigendum to "Suicidal ideation in the postpartum period: A population-based study of prevalence and risk factors using data from two national maternity surveys in England" [J. Affect. Disord. 389 (2025) 119707].

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same journal

Suicide mortality in Brazil: Post-pandemic excess mortality and spatial inequalities.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Gut-Derived Microbial Metabolites in Freely Moving Mice
07:49

Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Gut-Derived Microbial Metabolites in Freely Moving Mice

Published on: June 2, 2022

3.2K

Gut microbiome in atypical depression.

Anne Busch1, Sagnik Roy2, Dario Lucas Helbing3

  • 1Theoretical Microbial Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.

Journal of Affective Disorders
|January 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explored microbiome differences in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Atypical MDD patients showed increased Verrucomicrobiota, suggesting a potential link between gut bacteria and specific depression symptoms.

Keywords:
Atypical depressionDepressionImmunometabolic depressionMicrobiome

More Related Videos

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

28.0K
Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM
05:47

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM

Published on: September 23, 2021

7.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Gut-Derived Microbial Metabolites in Freely Moving Mice
07:49

Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Gut-Derived Microbial Metabolites in Freely Moving Mice

Published on: June 2, 2022

3.2K
Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

28.0K
Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM
05:47

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM

Published on: September 23, 2021

7.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Microbiology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Immunometabolic dysregulation is linked to major depressive disorder (MDD), particularly with atypical symptoms like increased appetite and hypersomnia.
  • The microbiome's role in immune and energy regulation is known, but its specific differences in MDD subtypes remain uninvestigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate microbiome composition differences among patients with atypical major depressive disorder (MDD), non-atypical MDD, and healthy controls.
  • To explore potential microbial markers associated with the atypical MDD phenotype.

Main Methods:

  • Included 15 atypical MDD patients, 44 non-atypical MDD patients, and 19 healthy controls.
  • Collected stool samples for prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V3-V4 regions).
  • Excluded participants with recent antibiotic exposure; analyzed samples with >2000 quality-filtered reads.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in alpha- and beta-diversity were observed between MDD groups and healthy controls.
  • The atypical MDD group exhibited an increased abundance of the Verrucomicrobiota phylum.
  • Akkermansia was identified as the predominant bacterial genus within the atypical MDD group.

Conclusions:

  • While overall microbial diversity did not differ, specific taxonomic differences were noted, particularly in atypical MDD.
  • Larger, longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm these findings and understand the role of the microbiome in depression heterogeneity.