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Related Concept Videos

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
Symptoms and Behavioral Manifestations
A spectrum of distressing symptoms characterizes PTSD. Recurrent flashbacks, where individuals involuntarily relive traumatic events,...
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Modeling in Therapy01:26

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Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
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Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
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Associative Learning01:27

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Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
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Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD
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Latent-state and model-based learning in PTSD.

Josh M Cisler1, Joseph E Dunsmoor1, Gregory A Fonzo1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Early Life Adversity Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.

Trends in Neurosciences
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Summary

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves impaired learning. New research suggests PTSD fear responses stem from difficulties in updating abstract task representations, not just specific cues.

Keywords:
computational modelingcomputational neurosciencecomputational psychiatrydecision-makingneurocircuitry modelspsychiatric disease

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves abnormal emotional and behavioral responses after trauma.
  • Current models often focus on stimulus-specific learning rather than broader cognitive processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of latent-state and model-based learning in PTSD.
  • To discuss how biases in these learning processes may underlie PTSD symptoms and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical and neuroscience data on learning in PTSD.
  • Analysis of conceptual frameworks for understanding PTSD.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests brain and behavioral biases in latent-state and model-based learning in PTSD.
  • These biases may explain excessive fear responses to trauma cues.
  • Impaired learning and updating of abstract representations are implicated.

Conclusions:

  • Latent-state and model-based learning deficits offer a new perspective on PTSD.
  • These learning biases might be a common target for effective PTSD therapies.
  • Further research is needed to understand the neurocircuitry and optimize treatments.