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Income Support Policy Packages and Birth Outcomes in U.S. States: An Ecological Analysis
Megan M Reynolds1, Patricia A Homan2
1Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA.
Population Research and Policy Review
|January 12, 2024
Summary
Generous social welfare programs, including SNAP and EITC, improve maternal and child health. Increased combined income support significantly reduces preterm and low birthweight births, showing policy
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Health Economics
- Social Policy
Background:
- Social welfare programs impact maternal and child health.
- Previous studies often analyze policies in isolation.
- Low-income families utilize a package of social policies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a novel measure for combined income support policies.
- To examine the relationship between these policies and birth outcomes.
- To assess the impact of individual and combined policies on maternal and child health.
Main Methods:
- Utilized U.S. state-level administrative data (1996-2014).
- Employed fixed effects regression models.
- Created a composite measure of four key income support policies: SNAP, EITC, minimum wage, and UI.
Main Results:
- Increased combined income support associated with reduced preterm births (PTBs) and low birthweight (LBW) births.
- States with highest support had 14% fewer PTBs and 7% fewer LBWs.
- SNAP benefits showed the largest effects, with $1000 increase linked to 5% fewer PTBs and 2% fewer LBWs.
Conclusions:
- Combined income support policies show promise for improving birth outcomes.
- SNAP, EITC, and minimum wage are key components, while UI had no independent effect.
- Enhancing generosity of income support programs may be a viable strategy for better maternal and child health in the U.S.
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