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Related Concept Videos

Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Polyploidy is widespread in Microsporidia.

Amjad Khalaf1, Mara K N Lawniczak1, Mark L Blaxter1

  • 1Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Microbiology Spectrum
|January 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Polyploidy is widespread in Microsporidia, a diverse group of parasites. These findings suggest polyploidization events are dynamic and occurred independently, even in species with reduced genomes.

Keywords:
Microsporidiak-merk-mer spectrapolyploidysequencing datatetraploidy

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Area of Science:

  • * Parasitology
  • * Genomics
  • * Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • * Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites with broad host ranges and significant economic/public health impacts.
  • * Ploidy in Microsporidia is known to be variable, with few diploid and one known polyploid species.
  • * Advances in genome sequencing enable comprehensive ploidy assessment across Microsporidia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To estimate ploidy levels across the diversity of available Microsporidia genomic data.
  • * To investigate the prevalence and dynamics of polyploidy within the Microsporidia phylum.
  • * To analyze heterozygosity in polyploid Microsporidia and discuss implications for polyploidization events.

Main Methods:

  • * Utilized k-mer-based analyses on Microsporidia genome data from the Sequence Read Archive.
  • * Estimated ploidy levels for numerous Microsporidian datasets.
  • * Calculated genome-wide heterozygosity for polyploid Microsporidian genomes.

Main Results:

  • * Polyploidy is widespread across Microsporidia, indicating dynamic ploidy changes.
  • * At least six Microsporidian species exhibit tetraploidy, with independent origins.
  • * Polyploid Microsporidian genomes are surprisingly homozygous, despite their ploidy.

Conclusions:

  • * Ploidy is a dynamic trait in Microsporidia, with widespread polyploidy.
  • * Independent polyploidization events have occurred multiple times in Microsporidia.
  • * The homozygous nature of polyploid genomes offers insights into their evolutionary history and origins.