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Band Theory

Band Theory

When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
Conductor, Semiconductor,...

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices

In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices

Published on: June 26, 2015

Probing Electronic Band Structures of Dielectric Polymers via Pre-Breakdown Conduction.

Zongze Li^1,2, Chao Wu^1,2,3, Lihua Chen⁴

¹Electrical Insulation Research Center, University of Connecticut, 97 N Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|January 12, 2024

Summary

Understanding electronic band structure in dielectrics is key to preventing electrical degradation. This study probes prebreakdown conduction in polymer films, revealing defect states that impact electrical performance.

Keywords:

charge transport conduction electronic band structures polymer dielectrics prebreakdown

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices

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Published on: June 26, 2015

Monitoring the Effects of Illumination on the Structure of Conjugated Polymer Gels Using Neutron Scattering

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Published on: December 21, 2017

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations

Published on: October 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid-State Physics
Electrical Engineering

Background:

Electronic band structure, particularly defect states, governs electron transport and electrical degradation in dielectrics under high electric fields.
Experimental investigation of dielectric band structure under prebreakdown conditions is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

To probe the electronic band structure of polymer dielectric films under prebreakdown conditions.
To correlate material morphology with electronic properties and electrical conduction behavior.

Main Methods:

In situ prebreakdown conduction measurement.
Space-charge-limited-current spectroscopic analysis.
Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations for density of states.

Main Results:

Observed an exponential distribution of defect states at the conduction band tail with varying trap levels.
Correlated defect states with the morphological disorder of the polymer dielectric.
Demonstrated agreement between experimental defect states and DFT-calculated density of states.

Conclusions:

The developed methodology links molecular structure to electronic band structure and macroscopic electrical conduction.
Provides a deeper understanding of material properties controlling electrical breakdown.
Offers a pathway for modifying existing materials and exploring novel dielectrics for high electric field applications.