Stages of General Anesthesia
General Anesthesia: Overview
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia
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Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse
Published on: October 23, 2019
Frederick H Kuo1, Brant H Tudor2, Geoffrey M Gray2
1From the Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine.
Precision medicine and evolving health technologies will revolutionize anesthesia care by 2050. These advancements promise safer, more efficient, and personalized patient treatments, moving beyond the current one-size-fits-all approach.
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