Concentric and eccentric hip musculotendon work depends on backpack loads and walking slopes

Hip muscle weakness is associated with low back and leg injuries. In addition, hiking with heavy loads is linked to high incidence of overuse injuries. Walking with heavy loads on slopes alters hip biomechanics compared to unloaded walking, but individual muscle mechanical work in these challenging conditions is unknown. Using movement simulations, we quantified hip muscle concentric and eccentric work during walking on 0° and ±10° slopes with, and without 40% bodyweight added loads, and with and without a hip belt. For gluteus maximus, psoas, iliacus, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris long head, both concentric and eccentric work were greatest during uphill walking. For rectus femoris and semimembranosus, concentric work was greatest during uphill and eccentric work was greatest during downhill walking. Loaded walking had greater concentric and eccentric work from rectus femoris, biceps femoris long head, and gluteus maximus. Psoas concentric work was greatest while carrying loads regardless of hip belt usage, but eccentric work was only greater than unloaded walking when using a hip belt. Loaded and uphill walking had high concentric work from gluteus maximus, and high eccentric work from gluteus medius and biceps femoris long head. Carrying heavy loads uphill may lead to excessive hip muscle fatigue and heightened injury risk. Effects of the greater eccentric work from hip flexors when wearing a hip belt on lumbar spine forces and pelvic stability should be investigated. Military and other occupational groups who carry heavy backpacks with hip belts should maintain eccentric strength of hip flexors and hamstrings.