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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
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Dithiophosphoric Acids for Polymer Functionalization.

Jianhua Bao1, Kyung-Seok Kang1, Jake Molineux1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|January 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dithiophosphoric acids (DTPAs) functionalize challenging polyenes like polyisoprene and polynorbornene, enhancing optical and flame retardant properties for advanced polymer materials.

Keywords:
PolyisoprenePolymer FunctionalizationRing-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Dithiophosphoric acids (DTPAs) are synthesized from elemental sulfur, white phosphorus, and alcohols.
  • Electrophilic addition of DTPAs to alkenes is established but not applied to polymer functionalization.
  • Polyisoprene (PI) and polynorbornene (pNB) are challenging polyenes prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and apply DTPAs for the functionalization of polyisoprene and polynorbornene.
  • To introduce DTPAs as side chain groups onto polyene backbones.
  • To explore the impact of DTPA functionalization on polymer properties and create crosslinked materials.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Dithiophosphoric acids (DTPAs).
  • Electrophilic addition of DTPAs to polyisoprene (PI) and polynorbornene (pNB) prepared by ROMP.
  • Characterization of functionalized polymers and crosslinked films.

Main Results:

  • Successful functionalization of PI and pNB with DTPAs via electrophilic addition.
  • DTPA incorporation enhanced optical and flame retardant properties of the polyene materials.
  • Di-functional DTPAs enabled the preparation of crosslinked polydiene films with tunable properties.

Conclusions:

  • DTPAs are effective for direct functionalization of challenging polyenes.
  • DTPA-functionalized polymers exhibit improved optical and flame retardant characteristics.
  • Crosslinked polydiene films with controllable properties can be achieved using di-functional DTPAs.