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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Color in Coordination Complexes
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization
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Electrohydrodynamically Printed d-f Transition Cerium(III) Complex.

Hainan Du1, Peiyu Fang2, Jiajun Luo1,3

  • 1Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|January 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces cerium(III) complex 2-Me for inkjet printing, achieving stable blue fluorescence patterns for display applications. This pioneering work offers a new avenue for advanced display technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • D-f transition rare earth complexes are promising for displays due to their optical properties.
  • Inkjet printing is a key technique for fabricating full-color displays.
  • Inkjet printing of d-f transition rare earth complexes remains unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of using d-f transition cerium(III) complex 2-Me as an inkjet-printable luminescent material.
  • To develop stable inkjet inks from 2-Me for display applications.
  • To demonstrate the fabrication of fluorescent patterns using inkjet printing.

Main Methods:

  • Inkjet printing of cerium(III) complex 2-Me using 1,2-dichlorobenzene as solvent and polystyrene as an additive.
  • Characterization of the optical properties (emission peak, excited-state lifetime, photoluminescence quantum yield) of the printed films.
  • Suppression of the coffee ring effect to achieve uniform fluorescent patterns.

Main Results:

  • The 2-Me ink exhibited excellent stability, with printed films showing similar emission characteristics and excited-state lifetime to the powder.
  • A high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 45% was achieved for the 2-Me film.
  • The first inkjet-printed pattern "HUST" with uniform blue fluorescence was successfully fabricated by suppressing the coffee ring effect.

Conclusions:

  • Cerium(III) complex 2-Me is a viable material for inkjet printing luminescent displays.
  • The developed ink formulation and printing technique enable the creation of stable, high-PLQY fluorescent patterns.
  • This research opens up new possibilities for advanced display technologies utilizing inkjet-printable rare earth complexes.