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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
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Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians
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Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians

Published on: May 12, 2019

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Infection Causes Trade-Offs between Development and Growth in Larval Amphibians.

Marissa Wright, Logan Oleson, Rebecca Witty

    Physiological and Biochemical Zoology : PBZ
    |January 18, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Ranavirus infection altered trade-offs between growth and development in larval amphibians. This infection cost impacted resource allocation, affecting survival and viral load differently than predicted by metabolism alone.

    Keywords:
    amphibianimmunelarval developmentranavirustrade-off

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    Area of Science:

    • Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
    • Animal Physiology
    • Infectious Disease Ecology

    Background:

    • Life history trade-offs, particularly between growth and development, are crucial in larval stages and influenced by environmental factors.
    • Energy budgets in young animals are heavily allocated to growth and development, potentially impacting immune function due to resource competition.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how intraspecific variation in growth and development affects metabolism in larval amphibians.
    • To determine if growth, development, and metabolic rate predict mortality and viral load in ranavirus-infected larvae.
    • To compare the relationship between growth and development before and after ranavirus infection.

    Main Methods:

    • Measured intraspecific variation in growth rate, developmental rate, and metabolic rate in larval amphibians.
    • Assessed mortality and ranavirus viral load in infected and uninfected larval amphibians.
    • Compared the trade-offs between growth and development in larvae before and after ranavirus infection.

    Main Results:

    • Intraspecific variation in growth and developmental rates did not influence metabolism.
    • Growth rate, developmental rate, and metabolic rate did not predict ranavirus-induced mortality or viral load.
    • A trade-off between developmental and growth rates emerged in ranavirus-infected larvae, but was absent in uninfected larvae.

    Conclusions:

    • Ranavirus infection imposes a cost on larval amphibians, altering resource allocation priorities.
    • This cost is likely due to infection-induced anorexia and the energetic demands of combating the infection.
    • The study highlights context-dependent life history trade-offs and the complex impacts of viral infections on host physiology.