Recent advances in functionalized ferrite nanoparticles: From fundamentals to magnetic hyperthermia cancer therapy

Cancers are fatal diseases that lead to most death of human beings, which urgently require effective treatments methods. Hyperthermia therapy employs magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as heating medium under external alternating magnetic field. Among various MNPs, ferrite nanoparticles (FNPs) have gained significant attention for hyperthermia therapy due to their exceptional magnetic properties, high stability, favorable biological compatibility, and low toxicity. The utilization of FNPs holds immense potential for enhancing the effectiveness of hyperthermia therapy. The main hurdle for hyperthermia treatment includes optimizing the heat generation capacity of FNPs and controlling the local temperature of tumor region. This review aims to comprehensively evaluate the magnetic hyperthermia treatment (MHT) of FNPs, which is accomplished by elucidating the underlying mechanism of heat generation and identifying influential factors. Based upon fundamental understanding of hyperthermia of FNPs, valuable insights will be provided for developing efficient nanoplatforms with enhanced accuracy and magnetothermal properties. Additionally, we will also survey current research focuses on modulating FNPs' properties, external conditions for MHT, novel technical methods, and recent clinical findings. Finally, current challenges in MHT with FNPs will be discussed while prospecting future directions.