Incorporating mesoporous SiO₂-HA particles into chitosan/hydroxyapatite scaffolds: A comprehensive evaluation of...

In this work, composite scaffolds with various composition ratios of chitosan (CS), hydroxyapatite (HA), and mesoporous SiO₂ particles co-synthesized with hydroxyapatite (SiO₂-HA) were fabricated via the freeze-drying method for bone tissue engineering applications. Morphological studies showed that adding mesoporous particles resulted in a structure with a more uniformly porous geometry, subsequently leading to reduced biodegradation rates and water absorption in the scaffolds. The bioactivity results showed the introduction of mesoporous particles notably enhanced the coverage of the scaffold surface with apatite films. Moreover, biocompatibility assessments using sarcoma osteogenic cell line (SAOS-2) highlighted mesoporous particles' positive impact on cell adhesion and growth. The fluorescence images showed spindle-shaped cells with a greater number and normal cell nuclei for the scaffolds containing mesoporous SiO₂-HA particles. The MTT cytotoxicity results indicated that the scaffolds containing mesoporous particles showed approximately 25 % higher cell survival more than single chitosan-based ones. What is more, the mesoporous-containing scaffolds occurred to have the best alkaline phosphatase test (ALP) activity among all scaffolds. It is important to add that CS/HA/mesoporous SiO₂-HA scaffolds including SAOS-2 cells showed no sign of either early or late apoptosis. These findings affirm the potential of CS/HA/mesoporous SiO₂-HA scaffolds as promising implants for bone tissue engineering.