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ChatGPT in Occupational Medicine: A Comparative Study with Human Experts.

Martina Padovan1, Bianca Cosci1, Armando Petillo1

  • 1Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.

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Summary

ChatGPT's accuracy in occupational health medicine was evaluated. While AI-generated answers with legislative context were comparable to physicians, human professionals were preferred for complex medical questions.

Keywords:
ChatGPTartificial intelligencedigital healthhealth promotionlarge language modeloccupational health and safety

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Informatics
  • Occupational Health
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into healthcare, particularly in specialized fields like occupational health medicine, presents both opportunities and challenges.
  • Evaluating the accuracy and reliability of AI tools, such as ChatGPT, is crucial for understanding their potential impact on medical practice and decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the accuracy and reliability of ChatGPT in responding to complex occupational health medical queries.
  • To explore the implications and limitations of AI in the domain of occupational health medicine.
  • To offer recommendations for future research and inform stakeholders on AI's role in healthcare.

Main Methods:

  • A dataset of occupational medicine questions and answers based on Italian legislation was developed by a panel of physicians.
  • ChatGPT generated answers to these questions, both with and without legislative context.
  • Physicians, divided into two teams, blindly evaluated human-generated and AI-generated answers, with each team reviewing the other's work.

Main Results:

  • Occupational physicians demonstrated superior performance in formulating accurate questions compared to ChatGPT, based on a 5-point Likert scale.
  • ChatGPT's answers, when provided with legislative context, were found to be comparable in quality to those generated by professional doctors.
  • Despite comparable accuracy, a discernible user preference for human-generated answers was observed, highlighting the continued value placed on professional medical expertise.

Conclusions:

  • AI tools like ChatGPT show promise in providing accurate medical information within specific contexts, such as occupational health legislation.
  • Human oversight and professional judgment remain critical, as users express a preference for answers from occupational medicine professionals.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand and optimize the role of AI in occupational health medicine, balancing technological capabilities with human expertise.