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Related Concept Videos

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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Inhibition of Cdk Activity02:34

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The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...
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Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
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Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

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Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
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A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators
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Gαi2 Protein Inhibition Blocks Chemotherapy- and Anti-Androgen-Induced Prostate Cancer Cell Migration.

Silvia Caggia1, Alexis Johnston2, Dipak T Walunj2

  • 1Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Dr., Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.

Cancers
|January 23, 2024
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Summary

New Gαi2 inhibitors block chemotherapy-induced prostate cancer cell migration. Combining Gαi2 inhibitors with chemotherapy may prevent metastasis formation.

Keywords:
Gαi2HDACicancercell migrationchemotherapymetastases

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Heterotrimeric G-protein subunit alpha-i2 (Gαi2) is crucial for cancer cell migration and invasion.
  • Novel small molecule inhibitors targeting Gαi2 have shown promise in blocking these behaviors.
  • Chemotherapy can promote cancer cell migration, potentially leading to metastasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify potent, second-generation Gαi2 inhibitors effective against prostate cancer cell migration.
  • To investigate the impact of common chemotherapeutic agents on prostate cancer cell migration.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of combining Gαi2 inhibitors with chemotherapy to inhibit cell migration.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of second-generation Gαi2 inhibitors.
  • In vitro assessment of Gαi2 inhibitor effects on prostate cancer cell migration.
  • Treatment of prostate cancer cells with taxanes, anti-androgens, and HDAC inhibitors.
  • Evaluation of combined Gαi2 inhibitor and chemotherapy treatment on cell migration.

Main Results:

  • New Gαi2 inhibitors demonstrated potent inhibition of prostate cancer cell migration.
  • Taxanes (docetaxel), anti-androgens (enzalutamide, bicalutamide), and HDAC inhibitors (SAHA, SBI-I-19) all induced prostate cancer cell migration.
  • Co-administration of Gαi2 inhibitors with these chemotherapeutic agents effectively blocked chemotherapy-induced cell migration.

Conclusions:

  • Gαi2 plays a significant role in mediating chemotherapy-induced prostate cancer cell migration.
  • Combination therapy with Gαi2 inhibitors and chemotherapy agents presents a potential strategy to inhibit cancer cell migration and metastasis.
  • Targeting Gαi2 offers a promising approach to enhance the efficacy of cancer treatment and prevent disease progression.