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Related Concept Videos

Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

564
A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria

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Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
Consider the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates, whereas Fe2+...
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Balancing Redox Equations02:58

Balancing Redox Equations

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Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
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Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

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Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

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Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
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Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Design and Investigation of Superatoms for Redox Applications: First-Principles Studies.

Celina Sikorska1,2

  • 1Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Fahrenheit Union of Universities in Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.

Micromachines
|January 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Superatoms, like superalkalis and superhalogens, mimic single atoms and offer tunable properties. Their unique electronic structures enable advanced applications in catalysis, energy storage, and environmental remediation.

Keywords:
Li-ion batteriesanionscarbon dioxide conversioncationscluster-assembled materialscomputational chemistrydesirable materialsperovskitessemiconductorssuperatoms

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Quantum Chemistry

Background:

  • Superatoms are atomic clusters behaving as single atoms, with superalkalis and superhalogens mimicking alkali and halogen elements, respectively.
  • Superalkalis exhibit lower ionization energies than alkali metals, while superhalogens possess higher electron affinities than halogens.
  • These unique properties position superatoms as promising candidates for novel materials and chemical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the design principles of superalkalis and superhalogens.
  • To predict their potential applications as redox agents and building blocks for advanced materials.
  • To demonstrate how tuning superatom electronic structures can lead to unique functional materials.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical design and computational modeling of superatom structures.
  • Evaluation of electronic structures, ionization energies, and electron affinities.
  • Prediction of material properties and potential applications.

Main Results:

  • Designed superatoms can be tailored for specific functions, offering enhanced performance over traditional materials.
  • Superalkalis show potential as catalysts for CO2 conversion, while superhalogens can act as potent oxidizing agents.
  • Superatoms can form stable perovskites for solar cells, electrolytes for Li-ion batteries, and semiconducting materials.

Conclusions:

  • Superatom design offers a pathway to create novel functional materials with tunable electronic properties.
  • These materials hold significant promise for applications in renewable energy, energy storage, and environmental remediation.
  • Further research into superatom chemistry can accelerate the development of next-generation technologies.