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Related Concept Videos

General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading01:12

General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from symmetrical bending, which are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions.
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Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.
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Two primary types of muscle contractions are isotonic and isometric, each serving unique functions and involving distinct mechanisms. Both isotonic and isometric contractions are integral to the body's complex system of movement and stability. Isotonic exercises contribute significantly to functional strength and movement, while isometric contractions are crucial for maintaining posture and joint stability.
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Circular shafts undergoing torsional stress maintain their cross-sectional integrity due to their axisymmetric nature. This symmetry ensures an even distribution of stress, allowing the shaft to withstand torsion without distorting. In contrast, square bars, lacking this axial symmetry, experience significant distortion across their cross-sections when subjected to torsion, with the exception of along their diagonals and at lines connecting midpoints. A detailed examination of a cubic element...
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Design of Columns under an Eccentric Load01:21

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Designing columns to withstand eccentric loads is a critical aspect of structural engineering, ensuring structures can support off-center loads without failure. This design process must account for the additional normal stresses introduced by eccentric loading, which can significantly influence a column's stress distribution and overall stability. An eccentric load applied to a column induces normal stresses that can be conceptualized as a combination of stresses due to an equivalent...
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In analyzing a thin-walled hollow shaft subjected to torsional loading, a segment with width dx is isolated for examination. Despite its equilibrium state, this segment faces torsional shearing forces at its ends. These forces are quantitatively described by the product of the longitudinal shearing stress on the segment's minor surface and the area of this surface, leading to the concept of shear flow. This shear flow is consistent throughout the structure, indicating a uniform distribution...
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Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
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Length-Tension Differences Between Concentric and Eccentric Shoulder Rotation Strength.

Kevin A Giordano1,2, Molly Cich3, Gretchen D Oliver3

  • 1Creighton University Department of Physical Therapy, Phoenix, Arizona.

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
|January 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eccentric contractions generally produce more force than concentric contractions, but length-tension relationships impact shoulder rotation strength differently across various muscle lengths. This study highlights that isokinetic peak strength values may not accurately reflect true muscle force capabilities at all joint angles.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Eccentric muscle contractions typically generate greater force than concentric contractions.
  • The influence of length-tension relationships on the comparative force production of concentric versus eccentric shoulder rotations remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the strength of concentric and eccentric shoulder external and internal rotation across a continuous 90° range of motion.
  • To investigate how length-tension relationships affect force production during shoulder rotation.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty-two physically active individuals participated in the study.
  • Isokinetic concentric and eccentric shoulder external and internal rotation strength were measured through a 90° arc in both frontal and scapular planes.
  • Statistical parametric mapping was used to analyze differences between concentric and eccentric contractions within subjects.

Main Results:

  • Eccentric external rotation torque exceeded concentric torque in specific ranges (30°-90°) in the frontal plane and (30°-90°) in the scapular plane.
  • Concentric external rotation torque was greater than eccentric torque at shorter muscle lengths (5°-15° frontal, 5°-20° scapular).
  • Differences in torque production between concentric and eccentric internal rotations were observed across various ranges in both planes, with eccentric generally showing higher torque in mid-ranges and concentric at the extremes (forearm horizontal and end ranges).

Conclusions:

  • Isokinetic peak strength values may not represent the same muscle length for both concentric and eccentric contractions, cautioning against direct comparisons across all joint angles.
  • Decreased eccentric force production at end ranges of shoulder rotation can impact shoulder stability.
  • Coaches, clinicians, and researchers should consider these length-tension differences when interpreting isokinetic strength data and assessing shoulder function.