In-Cell ¹⁹F NMR of Proteins: Recent Progress and Future Opportunities

In vitro, ¹⁹F NMR methodology is preferably selected as a complementary and straightforward method for unveiling the conformations, dynamics, and interactions of biological molecules. Its effectiveness in vivo has seen continuous improvement, addressing challenges faced by conventional heteronuclear NMR experiments on structured proteins, such as severe line broadening, low signal-to-noise ratio, and background signals. Herein, we summarize the distinctive advantages of ¹⁹F NMR, along with recent progress in sample preparation and applications within the realm of in-cell NMR. Additionally, we offer insights into the future directions and prospects of this methodology based on our understanding.