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Published on: March 1, 2015
Gender-Affirming Facial Surgery: Lower Third of the Face
Phil Tolley1, Srinivas Susarla2, Russell E Ettinger2
1Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359796, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
Abstract:
This article is intended to give the reader an overview of facial gender-affirming procedures applicable to the lower face and neck. A review of facial analysis in the context of masculine versus feminine facial features and the contributions of both soft tissue and bone to this anatomy is provided. The use of systematic facial evaluation and patient-driven concerns as a guide for presurgical planning is reviewed. Detailed descriptions of the unique surgical interventions to feminize the soft tissues and the skeletal framework of the lower face and neck are provided.
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