Exploring neural oscillations in numerical inductive reasoning: unveiling effects of top-down and bottom-up conflict

Previous research has delved into the brain's response to top-down and bottom-up conflicts in numerical inductive reasoning. However, the specific neural oscillatory patterns associated with these conflict types in numerical inductive reasoning processing have remained elusive. In this study, we employed a number series completion task in which participants had to determine whether a given target number adhered to concealed rules. Three conditions were established: an identity condition (e.g., 13, 13, 13), a perceptual mismatch condition (representing bottom-up conflict, e.g., 13 13 ), and a rule violation condition (representing top-down conflict, e.g., 13 13 14). Our EEG results revealed significant distinctions: rule violation induced more pronounced alpha desynchronization compared to both perceptual mismatch and identity conditions. Conversely, perceptual mismatch was associated with increased theta synchronization in contrast to rule violation and the identity condition. These findings suggest that alpha desynchronization may indicate the integration of rules during top-down conflict, while theta synchronization may function as a mechanism to inhibit bottom-up perceptual interference in numerical inductive reasoning.